Type 1 Diabetes 101: What Every Patient Needs to Know

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) can feel like a daunting diagnosis, yet understanding the essential basics of this condition is vital for the best blood glucose levels from day one, while also living a fulfilling life.

As of 2025, it’s estimated that 9.2 million people are living with type 1 diabetes globally or 11.4% of the global population (1).

They face the daily challenges that come with balancing blood sugar levels, administering insulin, and navigating lifestyle choices.

But what exactly is type 1 diabetes, and how does it differ from type 2?

In this article, I’ll review vital insights into:

• the potential causes, symptoms, and treatment options of type 1 diabetes
• spotting unhelpful T1D advice
• providing clear, actionable information

Whether you’re newly diagnosed, a caregiver, or simply curious about this chronic condition, my guide is designed to empower you with knowledge and practical tips to get you starting on the right foot!

Come along as I delve into the T1D basics and explore the latest advancements, ensuring you have the essential insights needed to manage life with type 1 diabetes effectively, while avoiding the potholes others find themselves stepping in.

Ready?

Let’s begin!

Understanding Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is a disease where the pancreas produces little to no insulin.

Insulin is a hormone crucial for allowing glucose (sugar) to enter cells, where it is used for energy.

Without the right amounts of insulin, glucose remains in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar levels and various health complications.

Another term for high blood glucose levels is hyperglycemia.

Type 1 diabetes was more commonly diagnosed in children, teenagers, and young adults due to hyperglycemic findings, but today, a growing number of adults are being diagnosed with either type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA).

The general difference between these two conditions is that the negative effects of type 1 diabetes act much quicker as LADA symptoms may take longer to show up, if at all, under the right treatment.

On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder whereas type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease.

• Metabolic disorders mean your body isn’t efficiently using or managing energy from food. Some examples include extra weight gain, high blood glucose levels, or experiencing low energy.

• Autoimmune diseases result from your immune system mistakenly attacking its own cells, tissues, or organs long enough to require long-term management or treatment.

Autoimmune destruction is irreversible, and type 1 diabetics must rely on pharmaceutical insulin for life.

Managing type 1 diabetes requires a comprehensive understanding of the disease, disciplined monitoring of blood glucose levels or blood sugars, and meticulous management of insulin therapy.

Balancing these aspects is crucial to prevent both acute complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and long-term complications, including the most popular conditions of cardiovascular (heart) disease, neuropathy (nerves), and retinopathy (eyes).

DKA happens when there’s not enough insulin, forcing your body to burn fat for fuel, creating too many acidic waste products (ketones in high amounts) that harm your body. It’s serious, but treatable if caught early.

With proper education and support, individuals with type 1 diabetes can lead full, active, and healthy lives.

Type 1 Diabetes Causes

In the 25+ years I’ve had type 1 diabetes, I’ve had over 10 endocrinologists treat me during this time.

I’ve asked all of them why I have type 1 diabetes, and no one has ever given me a straight answer.

The most common response is either:

• “Type 1 diabetes causes remain unknown” or
• “It’s genetics!”

But no one in my family has type 1 diabetes.

So, what’s really going on?

I dug extremely deep into the medical research to find out the most common cause of type 1 diabetes, yet almost no one is talking about it!

What I found was that your gut health is commonly affected first before autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes is diagnosed.

Your gut has two main functions:

1. Absorb nutrients
2. Block out foreign invaders or pathogens from causing damage, alongside the immune system’s help

When your gut health is compromised, optimal nutrient absorption and protection from illness is commonly impaired (2).

A quick summary of what I’ve written extensively about on this topic includes:

• A compromised gut can impair immune function and potentially trigger autoimmune responses leading to the destruction of insulin-producing cells.

• Specifically, when the gut barrier is weakened, it may allow harmful substances to enter the bloodstream, allowing the immune system to mistakenly attack the pancreas, thereby contributing to the development of type 1 diabetes.

• The Standard American (or Western) diet is severely low in fiber and can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria, leading to increased leaky gut risk and immune dysfunction.

• Chronic antibiotic and NSAID (over-the-counter drugs) use, along with prolonged stress, can disrupt the gut microbiome, as well.

• Chronic infections and imbalanced exercise levels can reduce gut health by limiting the beneficial factors that support a healthy gut.

• Gluten consumption may contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes by increasing zonulin levels, a protein that regulates intestinal permeability. Elevated zonulin can lead to a “leaky gut,” allowing harmful substances to enter the bloodstream and potentially trigger autoimmune responses that attack insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, or other autoimmune pathways.

In addition, type 1 diabetes appears to be caused more by environmental triggers than genetics.

If you look at conventional medicine’s record in unanimously responding as they should to certain conditions, it will likely take some time for them to truly understand type 1 diabetes etiology.

For example, in the 1840s, Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian physician, noticed that women in maternity wards attended by doctors (who came straight from autopsies) were dying at much higher rates than those attended by midwives (3).

He hypothesized that tiny particles from corpses were being transferred to patients and began requiring doctors to wash their hands with chlorinated lime before examining women—immediately reducing death rates.

Despite this dramatic success, Semmelweis was mocked, rejected, and eventually dismissed by much of the medical community, who couldn’t accept that invisible agents (germs) could cause disease.

It wasn’t until decades later, with the rise of germ theory through scientists like Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister, that handwashing and antiseptic practices finally became standard in medicine—long after Semmelweis died in disgrace.

And just in case some of you are saying, “Dude, that was almost 200 years ago!? Surely science is more educated now, right?”

In the early 1980s, Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren found that most ulcers were not caused by stress or spicy food (as commonly believed), but by a spiral-shaped bacterium living in the stomach lining, called H.pylori.

To prove it, Marshall famously drank a culture of H. pylori, developed gastritis, and then cured himself with antibiotics—providing undeniable evidence.

At first, the medical world was skeptical, but after mounting research confirmed their findings, treatment shifted from acid-suppressing drugs to antibiotic therapy, dramatically improving outcomes.

For their groundbreaking work, Marshall and Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2005. 

Currently, early detection and proper management remain the best approaches for those seeking treatment in a conventional medicine setting for type 1 diabetes.

However, if you can seek treatment from a functional medicine or holistic provider, you may have more promising results with less complications down the road.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes

The symptoms of type 1 diabetes can develop rapidly, often over a few weeks.

I go into more detail in my Top 10 Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms post.

Some of the more common symptoms include (4):

• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Extreme hunger

Fatigue, irritability, and blurred vision are also frequent complaints.

In children, wetting the bed during sleep, with no previous experience of this, may be a sign of the condition, too.

If these symptoms are present, a healthcare provider will typically perform a series of tests to diagnose type 1 diabetes.

The primary tests include:

• A fasting blood glucose test
• An A1c test
• An oral glucose test

Fasting blood glucose tests measure blood sugars after an individual has not eaten for at least eight hours.

The A1c test provides an average blood glucose level over the past two to three months.

Oral glucose tests measure blood sugars over time after drinking an intense of amount of a sugary drink with the intention of measure blood glucose levels over the next couple of hours.

In addition to these tests, healthcare providers may check for the presence of autoantibodies that are common in type 1 diabetes but not in type 2.

These autoantibodies include islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and others (5).

Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for initiating appropriate treatment and avoiding serious complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening.

The Importance of Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes Management

Insulin is a vital hormone that plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels.

For individuals with type 1 diabetes, the body’s inability to produce insulin means that they must rely on insulin therapy to manage their blood glucose levels.

Those with type 1 diabetes are all on some kind of insulin therapy that involves injecting insulin through various methods, including:

• Syringes
• Insulin pens
• Insulin pumps

The goal is to mimic the body’s natural insulin production as closely as possible.

A variety of insulins exist, categorized by how quickly they start to work, when they peak, and how long they last.

Rapid-acting insulin begins to work, generally, between 2.5 to 15 minutes and is typically used before meals to manage the rise in blood sugar from eating.

On the other hand, there are other insulins that take much longer to respond throughout the day and are used to maintain a stable baseline of blood sugars between meals.

This long-acting insulin is more commonly injected via a syringe 1 – 2 times a day.

Intermediate-acting and short-acting insulins fall somewhere in between.

Proper insulin management is crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels within a target range.

This requires careful monitoring of blood sugar levels, understanding how different foods and activities affect those levels, and adjusting insulin doses accordingly.

Advances in technology, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps, have made it easier for individuals with type 1 diabetes to manage their condition, but it still requires diligence and a thorough understanding of how specific insulin medications work.

Daily Management: Monitoring Blood Sugar levels

Regular monitoring of blood sugars is a critical part of managing type 1 diabetes.

This involves using a blood glucose meter to check blood glucose levels multiple times a day, especially before and after meals, before bedtime, and whenever symptoms of low or high blood sugars are present.

Continuous glucose monitors offer a more advanced method, providing real-time, continuous feedback on glucose levels through a sensor placed under the skin.

The data from these monitoring devices help type 1 diabetics make better informed decisions about their insulin doses, diet, and activity levels.

For example, if blood sugar levels are consistently high, it may indicate that an adjustment for more insulin therapy is needed.

On the other hand, if levels are frequently low, it may suggest that insulin doses need to be reduced or that more carbohydrates should be consumed to prevent low blood sugars or hypoglycemia.

Maintaining blood sugars within a target range helps prevent both short-term and long-term complications of diabetes.

Short-term complications can include hypoglycemia and high blood sugars (hyperglycemia), both of which can be dangerous, even fatal in extreme scenarios, if not promptly addressed.

Long-term complications, such as damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart, can be minimized with consistent and careful blood sugar management.

Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are also essential to monitor for these complications and to make any necessary adjustments in treatment.

Dietary Considerations for Type 1 Diabetes

Diet plays a significant role in managing type 1 diabetes.

While there is no one-size-fits-all diet, understanding how different foods affect blood sugar levels is crucial.

Carbohydrates have the most immediate impact on blood glucose levels, as they are broken down into glucose during digestion.

Therefore, counting carbohydrates (carbs) is a common strategy used by individuals with type 1 diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels.

In addition to counting carbs, the glycemic index (GI) can be a useful tool.

The GI measures how quickly a carb-containing food raises blood glucose levels.

Foods with a high GI are absorbed quickly, causing a rapid rise in blood sugars, whereas low-GI foods are absorbed more slowly and cause a gradual increase in blood sugar.

Incorporating low-GI foods into the diet can help reduce blood glucose spikes after meals.

Macronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in large amounts to provide energy and support bodily functions that only include:

• Carbs
• Proteins
• Fats

Consuming these macronutrients in the right order can further reduce blood sugar spikes during and after meals.

If eating quality proteins, fibers (from vegetables) and healthy fats first, while saving any carbs for last, this can slow down the absorption of glucose, preventing sharp glucose spikes after meals (6).

This is called meal sequencing.

Ideally, I’ve seen the most stable and consistent results when type 1 diabetics choose a diet that consists of:

• Minimal to low-carbs
• High proteins
• Quality fats
• Fiber supplements – most foods high in fiber are also high in carbs which can complicate blood sugar management
• Whole foods with minimally processed (junk) foods, except for foods like butter and coconut oil, and others

Consulting with a registered dietitian or a certified diabetes educator can help create a personalized meal plan that meets individual needs and preferences while effectively managing blood glucose levels.

Exercises and Its Role in Type 1 Diabetes Management

In my opinion and personal experience, exercise is one of the best and quickest ways to better manage type 1 diabetes and blood glucose levels.

Physical activity helps improve insulin sensitivity, allowing the body’s cells to use glucose more effectively (7).

This can lead to better blood sugar control and a reduced need for insulin.

Routine exercise also offers numerous other health benefits, including:

• Improved cardiovascular health
• Stronger muscles and bones
• Better mood
• Increased energy levels

However, exercise can also pose challenges for individuals with type 1 diabetes, as it can affect blood sugar levels in different ways.

Aerobic exercise, such as running, swimming, or cycling, typically lowers blood sugar levels.

On the other hand, anaerobic exercise, such as weightlifting or high-intensity interval training (HIIT), can cause blood sugar levels to rise initially due to the release of stress hormones, then drop abruptly after a few minutes to hours.

Therefore, it is essential to monitor blood sugar levels before, during, and after exercise to understand how different types of physical activity affect individual blood sugar responses.

The three main factors to be aware of with any physical activity or exercise and blood glucose reactions are:

1. The duration
2. The intensity
3. The type of exercise or activity

Planning is crucial when incorporating exercise into a diabetes management routine.

This may include adjusting insulin doses, consuming more or less carbs, and staying hydrated.

It’s also important to be prepared for potential hypoglycemia by carrying fast-acting carbs, such as glucose tablets or juice, especially during prolonged or intense exercise.

Working with a healthcare provider or a certified diabetes educator can help develop a safe and effective exercise plan tailored to individual needs and goals.

Type 1 Diabetes Management: Advice to Avoid

There are many myths and misconceptions surrounding type 1 diabetes, which can lead to not only misunderstandings, but also poor blood glucose control, and worse, diabetic complications and higher mortality (risk of death) rates!

Let’s go over some popular ones I’ve seen, read, and heard throughout my 25+ years of type 1 diabetes that you’ll also likely hear, shall we?

“Just Make Sure You Have Enough Insulin to Cover Whatever You Want to Eat!”

Let me be extremely blunt with you:

If anyone is trying to convince you this is the best way to manage your blood sugars, RUN to seek advice elsewhere!

Honestly, this is one of my biggest mental-eye-rolls I give whenever I read or hear this from anyone with type 1 diabetes.

I’ve even heard, firsthand, from diabetic nutritionists flat-out state, “A type 2 diabetic WILL eventually be on insulin.”

Just because this outcome is common, it doesn’t make it normal (or healthy).

Let me explain.

If a type 2 diabetic is on insulin, their management team has steered them down an unhealthy treatment path because their response to insulin has gotten worse, and now they need insulin to manage their blood sugars instead of their pills.

Regardless if you have any form of diabetes or not, the more insulin you demand (hyperinsulinemia), the more insulin resistant you will likely become.

This then further complicates blood sugar stability and your quality of life, especially among those with type 1 diabetes (8).

I go into much more detail on this topic in my Ultimate Guide to Insulin Resistance and Blood Sugar Control in Type 1 Diabetes article.

Thes biggest takeaway with this horrible advice is that it’s not sustainable. 

At. All.

What you need to remember is more insulin = more insulin resistance risk.

Still need more proof?

This graph shows the increased risk of developing the top four most common complications seen among diabetics and non-diabetics with insulin resistance (9, 10, 11).

I don’t want to sound too depressing, but talk to any hospice nurse that has cared for a diabetic.

They’ll tell you, firsthand, that no one was saying, “All those junk foods were worth it!”

Now, does this mean I never have a gluten-free pizza or cookie?

Certainly not, but the poison is always in the dose!

My plan of attack in how I respond to these “cheat snacks/meals” is a topic for another post, but most of it relies on being extremely active after eating them to ensure I’m minimizing the amount of insulin I may need for them and my blood glucose levels.

Please also note that if you are having trouble disciplining yourself from not eating these kinds of foods, the biochemists who created them made them addicting for a reason.

Profit.

I’m not questioning your will or desire, but for me, if I don’t buy these foods, they’re not a temptation.

Out of sight. Out of mind.

“Just Live the Same Way You Did Prior to Your Diagnosis”

In my opinion, acceptance is probably the biggest step forward any type 1 diabetic can take to best manage this condition.

Without it, many with type 1 diabetes end up chasing their tails.

Remember that environmental triggers are more at play for type 1 diabetes etiology.

And these lifestyle factors need to be polished up.

For example, if you have a sinking boat that has a hole on the bottom floor, and all you’re doing is using a bucket to dump the ever-present flooding water out, is this going to get you the results you seek to safely sail away from this problem?

No, you fix the frickin’ hole in the boat!

I can’t tell you the countless number of type 1 diabetics that get extremely frustrated and annoyed of their poor blood glucose levels or poor health. The problem is that many of them aren’t changing their previous behaviors that either played a part in developing their current health status or are making it harder to manage.

Please do all that you can to accept that you are now mandated to think like an organ (your pancreas):

• 24 hours a day
• 7 days a week
• 365 days a year

And let me be one of the first to tell you that the beginning of your blood glucose management is going to likely stink.

There will be trial and errors.

You will mess up.

Blood sugars will likely get worse before they get better.

But you know what?

After 25+ years of type 1 diabetes, I’m still researching and learning better and easier ways to maintain my A1Cs below 5.5% with my current goal of getting below 5.0% safe and sound consistently.

As stated previously, I’m also aware that many of these troubling foods were designed to be addictive and that many will likely have a hard time removing them from their diet.

If this is the case, you may want to avoid buying any tempting foods because if they’re an option, they will be eaten!

And in extreme cases, perhaps hypnotherapy may be of some help (12, 13).

“Remove Gluten? But I Don’t Have Celiac Disease?”

Celiac disease can only be diagnosed if at least 1 of 4 antibodies are present during a biopsy, yet only 2 are more commonly checked (14).

Meanwhile, non-celiac gluten sensitivity tests can check up to 30+ gluten antibodies that can cause a host of problems (15).

The Celiac Disease Foundation recommends all type 1 diabetics be checked for celiac disease and gluten sensitivity because (16):

• Gluten can enable other illnesses
• Trending overlaps have been seen for risk factors to other conditions
• There is a higher risk of celiac disease among type 1 diabetics

I wrote a Definitive Guide to Gluten in Type 1 Diabetes and in it, I mentioned precisely how gluten can lead not only to T1D, but to other illnesses.

In addition, I cite two published studies that note as soon as a small group of type 1 diabetics went gluten-free, their condition went into remission with one having it last as long as 13 years!

The reason why this likely worked is that there were still some insulin-producing cells fighting to stay alive and functioning, which is more commonly seen within the first 12 months of type 1 diabetes diagnosis.

What’s left of these cells are still trying to produce enough insulin for us!

This is also called the honeymoon period (14).

Forgive me for sounding like a broken record, but I need to make sure I get this message home to you:

The more insulin you demand, the more you’re likely to stress those cells and burn them out.

This is a BIG reason why newly diagnosed type 1 diabetics are encouraged to make as many positive lifestyle changes as soon as possible to avoid these insulin-producing-cells from burning out permanently and too soon!

Books with Valuable Type 1 Diabetes and Blood Glucose Insight

The following books are ones that have provided me with the strongest insight on assisting my blood glucose levels with 5.5% A1Cs (along with my gut treatment) for the past 4 years at the time of this writing.

I strongly encourage anyone who has been recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes to read these.

1. Diabetes Solution by Dr. Richard Bernstein was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 1946 and lived a long fruitful life and treated thousands of diabetics throughout his career, enabling them to do the same. Unfortunately, he did pass in April of 2025 at the age of 90. There’s no indication in reputable sources that his death was related to complications from diabetes or any specific illness; it appears he died of natural causes due to his advanced age, which is a testament to his discipline and results!

This is unheard of for someone his age having T1D this long!

            Who’s it for: 

• People with T1D seeking tighter blood sugar control, while lowering A1Cs
• People with Type 2 Diabetes interested in reversing their insulin resistance, while reducing/eliminating their current medication
• Parents of Children with Diabetes wanting to avoid the emotional and physical toll of poor blood glucose control
• Anyone Looking for a Deep, Science-Based Dive into Blood Glucose Control that covers insulin mechanics, glucose metabolism, and complications.

2. Glucose Revolution by Jessie Inchauspé who is a French biochemist on mission to translate cutting-edge science into easy-to-follow tips.

             Who’s it for: 

• People with blood sugar disorders looking for tips on how minimize post-meal blood glucose spikes (again, my recommendation is to focus on whole food meals as much as possible).

3. Think Like a Pancreas by Gary Schneider is a certified diabetes educator, masters-level exercise physiologist, and type 1 diabetic since 1985.

              Who’s it for: 

• Anyone who is on or is caring for someone on insulin therapy as it gives a witty, experienced insight on the education, encouragement, and strategies on helping you master insulin use for better blood glucose control.

These books are a great place to start in wrapping your head around this new path you’re encouraged to walk to optimize blood glucose control for the rest of your life. 

Support Systems and Resources for Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes

Ok, I know that last section was a little intense, but I’d rather you know the importance of these myths now than later as I’ve learned!

Now, living with type 1 diabetes can be challenging but having a strong support system and accessing the right resources can make a significant difference.

Support can come from various sources, including family, friends, healthcare providers, and support groups.

Family and friends can offer emotional support, help with daily management tasks, and encourage healthy lifestyle choices.

Healthcare providers, such as endocrinologists, diabetes educators, dietitians, and mental health professionals, play a crucial role in managing type 1 diabetes.

They provide medical care, education, and guidance to help individuals navigate the complexities of the condition.

Regular appointments and open communication with healthcare providers are essential for effective diabetes management.

Support groups, both in-person and online, offer a sense of community and shared experience.

Connecting with others who understand the challenges of living with type 1 diabetes can provide emotional support, practical tips, and a sense of belonging.

Personally, I’ve been attending monthly meetings with Breakthrough T1D (formerly Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation – JDRF).

They offer resources, advocacy, and support for individuals and families affected by type 1 diabetes.

There are also organizations that run diabetes camps and awareness in your states.

Utilizing these resources can help individuals with type 1 diabetes feel empowered and supported in their journey.

I even write a newsletter that goes over weekly updates that may further support type 1 diabetes management if you’d like to get these. In addition, I give one Steady Sugar Dish recommendation that may breath more life (and taste) to your blood-sugar friendly meals once/month.

The best part?

They can be read within a minute!

The most vital thing to know is that you’re not alone in trying to understand and master living with type 1 diabetes!

Conclusion: Thriving (Not Just Surviving) with Type 1 Diabetes

Living with type 1 diabetes requires a comprehensive understanding of the condition, vigilant management, and a proactive approach to health.

While the diagnosis can be overwhelming, education, support, and modern medical advancements make it possible to lead a healthy and fulfilling life.

By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options of type 1 diabetes, individuals can take control of their health and make informed decisions.

Daily management involves monitoring blood sugar levels, administering insulin, making dietary choices, and incorporating regular exercise.

Dispelling myths and misconceptions about type 1 diabetes is crucial for reducing stigma and promoting a better understanding of the condition.

Support systems and resources play a vital role in helping individuals manage the physical and emotional aspects of the disease.

Ultimately, with the right knowledge, tools, and support, individuals with type 1 diabetes can live well and achieve their goals.

Ongoing research and advancements in diabetes care continue to improve the quality of life for those affected by this chronic condition.

Empowered with essential insights and practical tips, individuals with type 1 diabetes can navigate their journey with confidence and resilience.

Just remember that success always leaves clues.

You will soon see groups who takes this condition more seriously than others.

This doesn’t mean one or the other are “bad” people, either.

But if you’re looking to thrive with type 1 diabetes, the results matter.

References

1. https://diabetesatlas.org/data-by-indicator/type-1-diabetes-estimates/people-with-type-1-diabetes-0-19-y/
2. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/dysbiosis
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053623/
4. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011
5. https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_Diabetes_Guide /547013/all/Autoantibodies_in_Type_1_Diabetes
6. https://health.osu.edu/wellness/exercise-and-nutrition/veggies-first-carbs-last
7. https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/fitness/blood-glucose-and-exercise
8. https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/31/Supplement_2/S262/24841/Insulin-Resistance-and-HyperinsulinemiaIs
9. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmi/68/1.2/68_76/_pdf
10. https://www.endocrinepractice.org/article/S1530-891X(20)35930-9/abstract
11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5507828/pdf/WJD-8-317.pdf
12. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5738869/
13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35170724/
14. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease-health-care-professionals
15. https://www.joincyrex.com/the-cyrex-system/array-3x-wheat-gluten-proteome-reactivity-and-autoimmunity
16. https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/related-conditions/diabetes-and-celiac-disease/
17. https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-1-diabetes-honeymoon-phase